important sensors in vehicle

Radiator temperature sensor:

       A radiator is a cooling device in an automotive engine. Water and anti-freeze flow through the radiator and circulate through the engine as a coolant. Heat energy is made from the internal combustion and heat is then transferred to the coolant and then out into the air stream. Radiators are vital to the cooling system in automobiles. If overheating occurs, complete engine failure may result.

      Generally, a radiator is made with aluminum tubes and strips. These tubes are interlaced between the tubes, which allows for heat to be transferred into the tubes. After entering the tubes, the hot air enters the air stream and is carried away from vital parts of the vehicle. Outlet and inlet tanks, usually made from plastic, cover the sides of the radiator. On older vehicles, the core of the radiator was made with copper and brass. The aluminum and plastic versions are much cheaper and more effective. Plastic tanks help to seal the system and prevent leaks. With the brass and copper versions, the tanks had to be welded in order to seal the system.     

          The back of the radiator holds a fan that is either belt-driven or electric. The fans direct air flow through the radiator when the vehicle is traveling at a slow speed or idling. When the vehicle is at a high speed, air passing through the front grill should be enough to keep temperatures low. When a radiator fan stops spinning, temperatures in the vehicle will begin to rise if the vehicle is traveling at a low speed or when the vehicle is idling. Electric fans work with temperature sensors that monitor temperature levels. The information is sent to the display via a microcontroller of the vehicle and then the controller decides whether or not the fan should be turned on. If the temperature is extremely high then it display an information “radiator temperature is high” and warning to off the engine. The temperature sensor used here is LM 35

 Radiator water level sensor:

   A water-cooled engine uses liquid coolant and a radiator to provide the cooling action of the engine. The coolant consists of a 50 percent mixture of anti-freeze and water; it is forced through the engine by a water pump and makes its way through the water-cooled engine via the water jacket. The coolant flows through the hollow space and absorbs engine heat, thus allowing the engine to operate at controlled temperature. Proper maintenance of the coolant levels in the vehicle will prevent the engine from overheating and potential engine failure. Water is easily dried and will evaporate in short order when contact is made with the racing surface. so it is very important to monitoring the level of water in radiator. If the water in the radiator is very low then the radiator will not function and result complete engine failure. When ever  the radiator water levels goes below a normal level then the water level indicator sensor senses the level and information is to the microcontroller .The controller produce a continues beep sound and display “radiator water level is low” to aware the driver.

Fuel leakage sensor:

        One of the most serious problems that could have with vehicle is a fuel leak. When leaking fuel from any area of the vehicle, it presents a very serious danger that could result in a catastrophe. Vehicle fires can be more dangerous and can expand more quickly than other types of fires because of the many types of flammable fuel such as gas and oil that are present in the vehicle. Other combustibles are also present in the vehicle. Those, together with the numerous sources that can ignite a fire in the car’s electric system, combine to make a dangerous situation. Fuel leaks is probably the single greatest cause of fuel fed fires. If there is a fuel leak in the vehicle, using a fuel leak detector we can find out exactly where the leak is occurring so that we repair the issue before it becomes a disaster. Usually a fuel leak detector system uses a gas sensor that can find a tiny leak anywhere in the fuel system. It is relatively inexpensive. The gas sensor used here is MQ-6

Pollution checking sensor:

              The large majority of today's vehicle travel by using internal combustion engines that burn LPG or other fossil fuels. The process of burning fuel contributes to air pollution by releasing a variety of emissions into the atmosphere. Emissions that are released directly into the atmosphere from the tailpipes of vehicles are the primary source of vehicular pollution. Primary pollution from motor vehicles is pollution that is emitted directly into the atmosphere, whereas secondary pollution results from chemical reactions between pollutants after they have been released into the air.

         Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless gas formed by the combustion of fossil fuels such as LPG. Vehicles are the source of nearly two-thirds of the atmospheric pollution. When inhaled, CO blocks the transport of oxygen to the brain, heart, and other vital organs in the human body. Newborn children and people with chronic illnesses are especially susceptible to the effects of CO. The sensor used here is the carbon monoxide sensor MQ-7

                                                                                                                                                                                       
Automatic rain sensor windshield wiper:

 

       Whether we driving in rain, windshield of the vehicle just got soaked by rain drops and block the forward vision. The Rain sensor automatically senses the water on the windshield, and activates the wipers at just the right speed.  When the weather is clear, the Rain sensor keeps the wipers off, ready for the next raindrop. Wiper blades last longer, and gone is that annoying "dry wipe smear."  Despite cars that are easier to drive and more reliable, drivers today face more distractions than ever – traffic and construction delays, cell phone calls, in-car navigation systems, to name just a few. With this Rain Sensor, one such distraction is eliminated. Without diverting the driver's attention, this fully automatic sensor keeps the windshield clear, allowing the driver to focus on the road. This is a fully automatic moisture-activated system that detects how hard rain is falling and determines when to activate the wipers and how fast to run the wiper motor. Using an advanced optical sensing system, analog signal processing, and a control algorithm, this technology provides drivers with added safety, convenience, and comfort in various weather conditions

Automatic side - view mirror folding

   

           side-view mirror is a mirror found on the exterior of motor vehicles for the purposes of helping the driver see areas behind and to the sides of the vehicle, outside of the driver's peripheral vision (in the 'blind spot'). Side mirrors are easily damaged. Some side mirrors may be manually or electrically folded in, to protect them when the car is parked. Passing cars can easily clip protruding side-view mirrors; the folding capability helps protect them from harm. But in some situations like heavy traffic the side view mirror may collide with other vehicles or obstacles while running. So to provide safety to this mirror driver’s attention will go there from driving and cause accident. The automatic side-view mirror folding sensor detects the presence of any obstacles against the mirror and automatically folds inside before a collision occur and then unfold after passing the obstacles .This system helps the driver to provide full attention in driving and no attention to side view mirrors.

Reverse collision alert sensor

              The Reverse collision alert sensor system is a safety device that accurately detects all objects, as children, toys, pets, another autos, etc. that are behind the  vehicle while it  back up. The beeping as well as LCD display inside the car warns the driver of the danger and prevents a potential accident. The most important thing is that by installing this system we can prevent injuries to adults or worse children and also prevent the damages to vehicle. These statistics confirm the increase of these types of accidents. According to the Department of Transportation, 27% of all accidents occur in reverse.                                   

                 This system consist of a distance-measuring system based on ultrasonic sound utilizing the PIC 16f877A microcontroller and  transmits a burst of ultrasonic sound waves towards the target and then receives the corresponding echo. An ultrasonic sound sensor is used to detect the arrival of the echo to the system. The time taken for the ultrasonic burst to travel the distance from the system to the subject and back to the system is accurately measured by the microcontroller. It display the distance between the vehicle and obstacles behind it on a LCD screen. Rear sensors

are activated when reverse gear is selected and then deactivated as soon as any other gear. Sensor is usually fitted to the rear of a vehicle. 

Vehicle collision sensor:

     In the case of a vehicle an emergency situation can happen to anytime, anywhere. It could be a crash and that highlighted the importance of public transport vehicles having effective and easy to operate emergency exits. If there is no such exit the travelers may trapped inside and the accident become severe. The vehicle collision sensor is a pressure switch that makes electrical contact when a certain set pressure has been reached on its input. The switch is designed to make contact on high pressure produced by   hard hitting with other vehicles or obstacles. Such a high pressure has been reached on its input when accident occurs. These sensors are fitted on different location outside the vehicle. When the vehicle collides with other, at least any one pressure switch will get a large pressure and due to electrical contact a signal is send to the microcontroller. When the microcontroller receives this signal, it drives the motor to open the emergency exit and also send information about the collision to GSM module to inform the authority about the accident location.

AC controlling using temperature sensor:

           Air conditioners help to make the journey a smoother and better one. The automatic Temperature Control system ensures the comfort of the driver and the passenger's maintaining just about the right temperature inside a car. The ac controlling system uses a temperature sensor with a microcontroller. The sensor read the current cabin temperature. The value from the temperature sensor is given to the controller which will be compared with the reference temperature values. If the value exceeds the reference, then make the air conditioner on and if the temperature is below the reference then make the air conditioner off. This system helps to avoid the usage of ac at low room temperature and reduces the power conception. The temperature sensor used here is LM-35